String stuck in different language on Android

Hmm, that its very weird.
A few questions:
What version of I2 Localization are you using? Unity version?

When I remove the Localize component entirely from the label, and then manually type some totally different text into the label in English, then I run the game in the Editor, the text reverts back to the old Chinese string. Very confusing. To fix it I delete the entire label, and create a new label with a new localize component fresh.

If I understood you correctly. For that label, you had a Localize component assigned, and it was misbehaving. Then you remove the Localize component, so, nothing should be localizing it. But when you run the game, the label's text changes (even though it shouldn't be modified because there is no Localize component). Is that right?

Two things come to mind. Did you copied the Localize component from that label and pasted it to another object? I'm trying to figure out, if the reference to the original label was kept when you copied the component. I don't see in the code how that could happen, but will run a few more test to be sure.
So that when you localize label1, its localize component its actually localizing label2.

The other obvious thing is, can you double check you don't have any code that changes that text from script? I guess you already verified, but its worth checking this just to be sure

However, on Android, no matter what language is selected, that string will appear in Chinese.

Can you double check that the localize component of that label has a term assigned, and not "Inferred from text".
Another thing to double check, is that terms translations have two tabs (Normal and Touch), it could be that the translations on them are different, so in Touch there are empty translations?
If they are different, try emptying all of the Touch translations and just filling the Normal (or viceversa)

When there are empty translation, the plugin tries to fallback to the first non-empty translation. Could that be issue?